ABAモデルルール1.8(c) 〔弁護士への贈与〕
ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct
Rule 1.8: 現在の依頼者との関係（特則）
(a) 弁護士は、以下の各号に掲げる条件をすべて満たす場合を除き、依頼者と商取引を行い、若しくは依頼者の利益と相反する所有、占有、 保証又はその他の金銭的な利益を、それが依頼者の利益と相反するものであることを知りながら取得してはならない。
(1) 弁護士が利益を取得する取引及びその条項が依頼者にとって公平かつ合理的であり、依頼者が合理的に理解可能な方法で文書により完全に開示されていること。
(2) 依頼者が、その取引について他の独立した弁護士から助言を受けることが望ましい旨文書によって助言を受け、そのような助言を得るための合理的な機会を与えられること
(3) 依頼者が、その取引の重要な条項及びその取引における弁護士の立場（弁護士がその取引について依頼者を代理するか否かを含む）について、依頼者が署名する文書により、告知に基づく同意をすること
(b) 弁護士は、依頼者が告知に基づく同意をした場合又は規定により許され若しくは求められる場合を除き、代理する案件に関する依頼者の情報を、依頼者の不利に利用してはならない。
(c) 弁護士は、依頼者からの実質的な贈与（遺贈を含む）を求めてはならない。また、依頼者を代理して当該弁護士又はその親族に対して実質的な贈与を行うための法律文書を作成してはならない（当該弁護士又は当該受領者が依頼者の親族である場合を除く。）。なお、本項における親族には、配偶者、子、孫、親、祖父母若しくはその他の親族、又は、当該弁護士若しくは当該依頼者が親密な家族的関係を維持している者を含む。
(d) 弁護士は、事件の代理が終了する前には、実質的な部分をその事件に関係する情報に依拠した描写又は説明についての文筆又はメディアに関する権利を取得するような合意又は交渉をしてはならない。
(e) 弁護士は、以下の場合を除き、依頼者に対して、進行中又は検討中の争訟に関する金銭的な援助をしてはならない。
(1) 弁護士は、訴訟費用を立替払いすることができ、その費用の償還の要否を訴訟の結果に拠らしめることができる。
(2) 資力のない依頼者を代理する弁護士は、依頼者に代わって訴訟費用を支払うことができる。
(3) 資力のない依頼者を公益活動として代理する弁護士、非営利の法的サービス又は公益団体を通じて資力のない依頼者を公益活動として代理する弁護士、又は法科大学院の実務又は公益活動プログラムを通じて資力のない依頼者を公益活動として代理する弁護士は、依頼者に対し、食料、賃料、交通費、医療費及びその他の基本的な生活費として適切な贈与をすることができる。ただし、その場合、弁護士は、
(i) may not promise, assure or imply the availability of such gifts prior to retention or as an inducement to continue the client-lawyer relationship after retention;
(ii) may not seek or accept reimbursement from the client, a relative of the client or anyone affiliated with the client; and
(iii) may not publicize or advertise a willingness to provide such gifts to prospective clients.
Financial assistance under this Rule may be provided even if the representation is eligible for fees under a fee-shifting statute.
(f) A lawyer shall not accept compensation for representing a client from one other than the client unless:
(1) the client gives informed consent;
(2) there is no interference with the lawyer's independence of professional judgment or with the client-lawyer relationship; and
(3) information relating to representation of a client is protected as required by Rule 1.6.
(g) ２人又はそれ以上の依頼者らを代理する弁護士は、各依頼者が署名した文書によって告知に基づく同意をしない限り、依頼者らの請求若しくは依頼者らに対する請求について総額による集団的な和解をし、又は刑事事件において有罪又は不抗争の答弁をする旨の合意をしてはならない。弁護士による開示には、関係する全ての請求又は答弁の存在及び性質、並びに、各人による和解への参加状況が含まれなければならない。
(h) A lawyer shall not:
(1) make an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer's liability to a client for malpractice unless the client is independently represented in making the agreement; or
(2) settle a claim or potential claim for such liability with an unrepresented client or former client unless that person is advised in writing of the desirability of seeking and is given a reasonable opportunity to seek the advice of independent legal counsel in connection therewith.
(i) A lawyer shall not acquire a proprietary interest in the cause of action or subject matter of litigation the lawyer is conducting for a client, except that the lawyer may:
(1) acquire a lien authorized by law to secure the lawyer's fee or expenses; and
(2) contract with a client for a reasonable contingent fee in a civil case.
(j) A lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between them when the client-lawyer relationship commenced.
(k) While lawyers are associated in a firm, a prohibition in the foregoing paragraphs (a) through (i) that applies to any one of them shall apply to all of them.
Rule 1.8: Current Clients: Specific Rules
Client-Lawyer Relationship(a) A lawyer shall not enter into a business transaction with a client or knowingly acquire an ownership, possessory, security or other pecuniary interest adverse to a client unless:
(1) the transaction and terms on which the lawyer acquires the interest are fair and reasonable to the client and are fully disclosed and transmitted in writing in a manner that can be reasonably understood by the client;
(2) the client is advised in writing of the desirability of seeking and is given a reasonable opportunity to seek the advice of independent legal counsel on the transaction; and
(3) the client gives informed consent, in a writing signed by the client, to the essential terms of the transaction and the lawyer's role in the transaction, including whether the lawyer is representing the client in the transaction.
(b) A lawyer shall not use information relating to representation of a client to the disadvantage of the client unless the client gives informed consent, except as permitted or required by these Rules.
(c) A lawyer shall not solicit any substantial gift from a client, including a testamentary gift, or prepare on behalf of a client an instrument giving the lawyer or a person related to the lawyer any substantial gift unless the lawyer or other recipient of the gift is related to the client. For purposes of this paragraph, related persons include a spouse, child, grandchild, parent, grandparent or other relative or individual with whom the lawyer or the client maintains a close, familial relationship.
(d) Prior to the conclusion of representation of a client, a lawyer shall not make or negotiate an agreement giving the lawyer literary or media rights to a portrayal or account based in substantial part on information relating to the representation.
(e) A lawyer shall not provide financial assistance to a client in connection with pending or contemplated litigation, except that:
(1) a lawyer may advance court costs and expenses of litigation, the repayment of which may be contingent on the outcome of the matter;
(2) a lawyer representing an indigent client may pay court costs and expenses of litigation on behalf of the client; and
(3) a lawyer representing an indigent client pro bono, a lawyer representing an indigent client pro bono through a nonprofit legal services or public interest organization and a lawyer representing an indigent client pro bono through a law school clinical or pro bono program may provide modest gifts to the client for food, rent, transportation, medicine and other basic living expenses. The lawyer:
(i) may not promise, assure or imply the availability of such gifts prior to retention or as an inducement to continue the client-lawyer relationship after retention;
(ii) may not seek or accept reimbursement from the client, a relative of the client or anyone affiliated with the client; and
(iii) may not publicize or advertise a willingness to provide such gifts to prospective clients.
Financial assistance under this Rule may be provided even if the representation is eligible for fees under a fee-shifting statute.
(f) A lawyer shall not accept compensation for representing a client from one other than the client unless:
(1) the client gives informed consent;
(2) there is no interference with the lawyer's independence of professional judgment or with the client-lawyer relationship; and
(3) information relating to representation of a client is protected as required by Rule 1.6.
(g) A lawyer who represents two or more clients shall not participate in making an aggregate settlement of the claims of or against the clients, or in a criminal case an aggregated agreement as to guilty or nolo contendere pleas, unless each client gives informed consent, in a writing signed by the client. The lawyer's disclosure shall include the existence and nature of all the claims or pleas involved and of the participation of each person in the settlement.
(h) A lawyer shall not:
(1) make an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer's liability to a client for malpractice unless the client is independently represented in making the agreement; or
(2) settle a claim or potential claim for such liability with an unrepresented client or former client unless that person is advised in writing of the desirability of seeking and is given a reasonable opportunity to seek the advice of independent legal counsel in connection therewith.
(i) A lawyer shall not acquire a proprietary interest in the cause of action or subject matter of litigation the lawyer is conducting for a client, except that the lawyer may:
(1) acquire a lien authorized by law to secure the lawyer's fee or expenses; and
(2) contract with a client for a reasonable contingent fee in a civil case.
(j) A lawyer shall not have sexual relations with a client unless a consensual sexual relationship existed between them when the client-lawyer relationship commenced.
(k) While lawyers are associated in a firm, a prohibition in the foregoing paragraphs (a) through (i) that applies to any one of them shall apply to all of them.
